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《墨子·非儒》篇对孔子的批评:英译两种

阅读量:3870985 2019-10-28


  翻译《孔子与20世纪中国》用到《墨子·非儒》篇对孔子的批评。参考了民国学者梅贻宝1929年旧译及澳大利亚医生Ian Johnston2010年新译。最后选用新译。我不是冥(民)国粉儿,对hyped(被吹得天花乱坠的)民国学者无感。
《墨子·非儒下》
齐景公问晏子曰:“孔子为人何如?”晏子不对,公又复问,不对。景公曰:“以孔丘语寡人者众矣,俱以贤人也。今寡人问之,而子不对,何也?”
旧译
Lord Jing of Qi asked Yanzi: "What kind of a man is Confucius?" Yanzi answered not. The Lord reiterated the question and there was still no answer. Lord Jing said: "Many have told me about Kong Qiu and all said he was a virtuous man. Now that I am asking you about him, why should you not answer?"
新译
Duke Jing of Qi questioned Yan Zi saying: "What sort of man is Confucius?" Yan Zi did not reply so the Duke asked him again, but again he did not reply. Duke Jing said: "Many people have spoken to me about Confucius and they all take him to be a worthy man. Now I ask you about him and you do not reply. Why is this?"
晏子对曰:“婴不肖,不足以知贤人。虽然,婴闻所谓贤人者,入人之国必务合其君臣之亲,而弭其上下之怨。孔丘之荆,知白公之谋,而奉之以石乞,君身几灭,而白公僇。
旧译
Yanzi replied: "Ying is not wise and cannot know virtuous men. Yet Ying has heard that a virtuous man must be one who, upon entering a state, will endeavour to bring about friendly relations between the ruler and the ministers and dissolve the grudges between superior and subordinates. This man Confucius once visited the state of Jing. He heard of the plans of Duke Bo and told them to Shi Qi. As a result, the lord almost perished and Duke Bo was executed.
新译
Yan Zi replied, saying: "Ying is a worthless person and is not adequate to know who is a worthy man. Nevertheless, I have heart it said about a worthy man that, when he enters another's state, he certainly devotes himself to fostering close relationships between the ruler and his ministers and eliminating antagonism between superiors and inferiors. But, when Confucius went to Jing, he know of Bo Gong's plans and yet he introduced him to Shi Qi. [As a result] the ruler almost lost his life and Bo Gong himself was killed.
婴闻贤人得上不虚,得下不危,言听于君必利人,教行下必于上,是以言明而易知也,行明而易从也,行义可明乎民,谋虑可通乎君臣。
旧译
Ying has also heard that the virtuous man does not obtain confidence of the superior by flattery or that of the subordinates by threat. If his counsels are listened to by the lord they will benefit the people, if his instructions are followed by the subordinates they will benefit the superior. His speech is plain and easy to understand and his conduct is plain and easy to follow. His righteous conduct enlightens the people and his thoughtful counsel convinces the lord and his ministers.
新译
Ying has heard that, when a worthy man gains his superior's trust, he should not waste his position. When he gains the trust of his subordinates, he should not endanger them. If his words are heeded by the ruler, they must benefit the people. If his teachings are carried out by his subordinates, they must benefit the ruler.  This is why his words must be clear and easy to understand and why his conduct must be unequivocal and easy to follow. If his conduct is righteous, it can bring enlightenment to the people, if his plans are well considered, they can be communicated to ruler and ministers.
今孔丘深虑同谋以奉贼,劳思尽知以行邪,劝下乱上,教臣杀君,非贤人之行也;入人之国而与人之贼,非义之类也;知人不忠,趣之为乱,非仁义之也。
旧译
Now, this man Confucius with elaborate plans conspired with the rebels and with devious plots committed depravity. To persuade the subordinates to plot against their superior and tell the ministers to assassinate their lord is not the conduct of a virtuous man. To enter a country and join with its traitors is not akin to the righteous. To urge those who are known to be disloyal to revolt does not fit the way of the magnanimous.
新译
Now Confucius gave deep consideration and careful planning to bringing about rebellion. He thought hard and exhausted his knowledge to carry out evil. He encouraged subordinates to rebel against the ruler and he taught ministers to kill the ruler. These are not the actions of a worthy man. To enter another's state and join with the people in rebellion is not the mark of righteousness. To know the people are not loyal and incite them to be rebellious is not the mark of benevolence.
逃人而后谋,避人而后言,行义不可明于民,谋虑不可通于君臣,婴不知孔丘之有异于白公也,是以不对。”
旧译
Plotting against one at a distance and condemning one behind his back, his conduct enlightening not the people and his counsel convincing not the lord - how Confucius is different from Duke Bo, your servant Ying does not see. This is why I did not answer you."
新译
To evade the peole and afterwards plan, to avoid the people and afterwards speak, means that conduct which is righteous cannot enlighten the people and plans which are well considered cannot be communicated to ruler and ministers. Ying does not  see how Confucius is any different from Bo Gong. This is why I didn't reply."
景公曰:“呜乎!贶寡人者众矣,非夫子,则吾终身不知孔丘之与白公同也。”
旧译
Lord Jing said: "Oh! I have been benefited. If it were not for you, I would never in my life understand Kong Qiu to be of the same kind as Duke Bo."
新译
Duke Jing said: "Alas! I have taught my people a great deal, but if it were not for you, I would have lived my whole life without knowing that Confucius was the same as Bo Gong."
关于旧译:Mei Yi-pao, The Ethical and Political Works of Motse (London: Arthur Probsthain, 1929): 206-207.
关于新译:Ian Johnston, The Mozi: A Complete Translation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010): 361, 363.

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